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mundum neriyathum
Mundum neriyathum ''(set-mundu or mundu-set)'' is the traditional clothing of women in Kerala, South India. It is the oldest remnant of the ancient form of the saree which covered only the lower part of the body.〔Boulanger, C (1997) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. ISBN 0-9661496-1-0〕〔Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); (Includes rare photographs of 19th century Namboothiri and nair women in ancient saree with bare upper torso)〕 In the mundum neriyathum, the most basic traditional piece is the ''mundu'' or lower garment which is the ancient form of the saree denoted in Malayalam as 'Thuni' (meaning cloth), while the ''neriyathu'' forms the upper garment the mundu.〔〔 The mundum neryathum consists of two pieces of cloth, and could be worn in either the traditional style with the ''neriyathu'' tucked inside the blouse, or in the modern style with the ''neriyathu'' worn over the left shoulder.〔
==Origins==
The mundum-neryathum is the extant form of the ancient saree referred to as "Sattika" in Buddhist and Jain literature.〔Mahaparinibbanasutta (ancient Buddhist text)〕 The mundu is the surviving form of lower garment of the ancient clothing referred to as antariya worn in a special way (lower garment).〔Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage〕 The neriyath is the modern adaptation of a thin scarf worn from the right shoulder to the left shoulder referred to in ancient Buddhist-Jain texts as the ''uttariya''.〔〔Mohapatra, R. P. (1992) "Fashion styles of ancient India", B. R. Publishing corporation, ISBN 81-7018-723-0〕 It is one of the remains of the pre-Hindu Buddhist-Jain culture that once flourished in Kerala and other parts of South India. The narrow borders along the mundum neriyathum drape are probably an adaptation of the Graeco-Roman costume called "palmyrene". In the palmyrene costume, the piece of cloth known as "palla" was a long piece of unstitched cloth with a coloured border and was worn over a long garment, pinned at the left shoulder.〔 The tradition of coloured borders along the present day mundum neryathum or pallu might have been influenced by the Graeco-Roman "Palla" or Palmyrene. The Malabar coast had flourishing overseas trade with the Mediterranean world since antiquity.;〔Bjorn Landstrom (1964) "The Quest for India", Double day English Edition, Stockholm.〕〔T.K Velu Pillai, (1940) "The Travancore State Manual"; 4 volumes; Trivandrum〕〔Miller, J. Innes. (1969). The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. ISBN 0-19-814264-1.〕〔K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) Kerala’s Relations with the Outside World, pp. 70, 71 in "The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume" , Kerala History Association, Cochin.〕〔Periplus Maris Erythraei "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", (trans). Wilfred Schoff (1912), reprinted South Asia Books 1995 ISBN 81-215-0699-9〕 However, the pallu in its modern form was not in common use until very recently. In fact, as late as the 1970s, some populations in Kerala still did not use the pallu as the upper garment.〔
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